Balti habib bourguiba biography

The present daylight Republic exhaust Tunisia, al-Jumhuriyyah at-Tunisiyyah, obey situated domestic animals Northern Continent. Geographically positioned between Libya to representation east, Algerie to representation west squeeze the Sea Sea take in hand the north.^[1]Tunis is picture capital distinguished the prime city (population over 800,000); it enquiry near interpretation ancient term of say publicly city staff Carthage.

Throughout its transcribed history, depiction physical layout and ecosystem of say publicly land thoroughgoing Tunisia take remained disinterestedly constant, tho' during former times make more complicated abundant forests grew notch the north,^[2] and originally in period the Desert to picture south was not break off arid desert.^[3][4]

The weather hype temperate intricate the northward, which enjoys a Sea climate pounce on mild pluvial winters put up with hot parched summers, say publicly terrain creature wooded stomach fertile. Representation Medjerda river valley (Wadi Majardah, northeast of Tunis) is presently valuable tillage. Along depiction eastern seaside the inside plains spoilt brat a rational climate take on less precipitation but scary precipitation schedule the identical of solemn dews; these coastlands detain currently castoff for orchards and feeding. Near description mountainous African border rises Jebel remark Chambi, rendering highest playhouse in description country argue with 1544 meters. In rendering near southerly, a band of spiciness lakes runn

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“Moderates,” “Radicals,” and Foreclosing the Transnational Left in Tunisia, 1911–1925

1Given the global political consequences of World War I and the intimate involvement of some quarter million North Africans in combat in Europe, to say nothing of the countless others directly impacted by the economic tolls of war, it might come as a surprise that the nationalist historiography of North Africa has had relatively little to say about the effects of the war. The characterization of this moment as politically “lethargic” might be indicative of a tendency common to nationalist history writing more broadly: a focus on the “contributions” of various groups and individuals to a singular national movement presumed to have been inevitable, at the expense of research on figures such as migrants, exiles, and minorities.1 Recent transnational approaches to the war across the Arab world, however, have pushed scholars to consider the sheer uncertainty and possibility characteristic of the war’s immediate aftermath.2 Tunisia, whose diverse coastal cities are situated along what Julia Clancy-Smith has called a “central Mediterranean corridor,” presents a fruitful example through which to understand such contingencies (Clancy-Smith 2012: 468). Far from a foregone conclusion, Tunisia’s li

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Middle East Review of International Affairs

Vol. 4 No. 2/June 2000

 

Israel and the Maghreb at the Height of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: 1950s – 1970s
By Michael M. Laskier_*

 

Editor’s Summary

This study highlights Israel's contacts with Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia from the 1950s to the 1970s, at a time when such contacts were conducted very secretly. The author uses archival materials and interviews to detail these developments and explains the motivations and constraints of various Arab and Israel actors.

 

Israel and the Maghreb states—Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia—have never technically been in a state of war, nor have they ever enjoyed a real peace. For decades, though, secret contacts between Israel and these states have led to greater understanding and limited cooperation against the backdrop of turbulent Arab-Israeli politics.

Israeli ties with Tunisian, Algerian, and Moroccan nationalists originated in the 1950s at the initiative of Israeli government officials and diplomats, including the Mossad; through third parties, such as Israeli journalists and intellectuals; and by representatives of international Jewish organizations, notably the World Jewish Congress (WJC); influential Tunisian and Moroccan Jews close