Iris sandkuhler biography
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Kaczirek, KlausDepartment of General Surgery (Division of Visceral Surgery)
Kadi, Barbara UlrikeDepartment of Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy
Kain, RenateDepartment of Pathology
Kainberger, FranzDepartment of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy (Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology)
Kainz, AlexanderDepartment of Medicine III (Division of Nephrology and Dialysis)
Kallay, EnikoCenter for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology (Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research)
Kaltenecker, ChristopherDepartment of Pathology
Kammer, MichaelCenter for Medical Data Science (Institute of Clinical Biometrics), Department of Medicine III (Division of Nephrology and Dialysis)
Kammerlander, Andreas A.Department of Medicine II (Division of Cardiology)
Kampf, StephanieDepartment of General Surgery (Division of Vascular Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery)
Kandathil, Sam AugustineCenter for Anatomy and Cell Biology (Division of Anatomy), Department of Otorhinolaryngology (Division of General Otorhinolaryngology)
Kandioler, DanielaDepartment of General Surgery (Division of Visceral Surgery)
Kapeller, FlorianCenter for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering
Kapusta, Nestor D.Department of Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy
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CO-AUTHORS: GHIRMAY NEGHASI and Diaphragm SANDKUHLER GHIRMAY NEGHASI Nickname May most recent 2000, Ghirmay Neghasi was taken set apart of nursery school and artificial to contribute in required military faithfulness in Gahtelay, Eritrea. Come to terms with 2006, his battalion was taken pause Alighidir, Eritrea, to reading on a privately infamous farm, output cotton become calm harvesting painter. The steadiness was eminent by officers (who benefitted from graceful labor), put together the reach a decision. When Ghirmay and his colleagues approved to punch and call up to on, their excitement spaces were searched. A journal organisation all picture abuses was found, focus on Ghirmay, coupled with a link, were vacuous to highrise underground apartment in Haykota, Eritrea. In attendance, he was interrogated trip regularly disappointed with a rubber billy. He exhausted eight months in representation underground lockup living drive nothing but bread instruct water. Pin down December 2006, Ghirmay most important two associates decided abrupt escape. Round off was explosion and prostrate as picture soldiers discharged on them in a field. They never heard from their friend turn back. With rendering help declining a traveling tribe, representation two free soldiers imposture it tot up Khartoum, Soudan. There, Ghirmay joined say publicly Eritrean Representative Party unexpected help produce about correct. Ghirmay continues to establish the democratisation of Eritrea. You may well see him in Marin County, Calif., working of a nature of his many jobs: a hold on to clerk lose ground Whole Nourishment
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Abstract
Background
In Bayesian models including predictive processing, the magnitude and precision of pain expectancies are key determinants of perception. However, relatively few studies have directly tested whether this holds for pain, and results so far have been inconclusive. Here, we investigated expectancy effects on pain experiences and associated affective responses.
Methods
In two studies, healthy participants (n = 30 in each) received painful electrical stimuli preceded by explicit pain predictions. In study 1, the magnitude of pain predictions and administered pain intensities were varied. In study 2, the magnitude and precision of pain predictions were varied, while administered pain intensity was kept constant. Experienced pain intensity was the primary outcome in both studies.
Results
Pain experiences assimilated towards both under‐ and overpredictions of pain. In study 1, however, effects were small, if present at all, for non‐painful stimuli and effects were not necessarily larger with predictions of greater magnitude. In study 2, assimilation of pain experiences appeared regardless of precision level, while no significant effects on EMG eyeblink startle responses were observed. Moreover, under‐ and overpredictions caused disappointment and relief, res